Can I Wear A Sweater To A Wedding?

lesson part 2 of 13 on December 3rd

The second phase of the war

is less consensus in relation to the deaths and defeats

In May 1943 the Italian and German troops leave Africa under British and American pressure

begin the bombing of German and Italian cities

In March of 1943 strikes in the factories to the north and the center (eg Prato).

Repression, but sign of rebellion.

On July 10 began landing in Sicily

The July 19 bombing of Rome impressive

Under Fascist leadership and the environment from the king a growing tendency to seek solutions to the situation.

The question:

• How to save the monarchy so compromised with the regime and with war?
• Avoiding that discontent against the regime gives way to a democratic revolution or even a communist?
• How to disengage from a war now considered lost?
• How to deal with the dangerous?
• What to do with Mussolini?

So we arrive the convening of the Fascist Grand Council on July 25, 1943

Agenda hierarch presented by Dino Grandi (large documents): Re entrust to the guidance of the situation = disheartened Mussolini. Majority vote.

Document No. 4 Agenda Department presented to the Grand Council of Fascism July 25, 1943

The Grand Council, meeting in these days of supreme trial, before turning all his thought to the heroic fighters of every weapon, that side by side with the fair people of Sicily, in which higher shines the clear faith of the Italian people, they renew the noble traditions of extreme value and the indomitable spirit of sacrifice of our glorious Armed Forces, having examined the situation and the domestic and international political and military conduct of the war, proclaims the sacred duty to all the pe Italian to defend at all costs, unity, independence, freedom of the country, the fruits of the sacrifices and efforts of four generations from the Renaissance to the present, life and the future of the Italian people, says the need for union moral and material of all the Italians in this grave and decisive for the destiny of the nation, declares that in such cases is necessary for the immediate restoration of all state functions attributed to Crown, the Grand Council, the government, parliament, the Corporations duties and responsibilities set out in our laws and constitutional government, calls the head of government to pray Majesty the King, which is directed towards the faithful and the hopeful heart of all the nation , that he will, for the honor and the salvation of the country, take on - the effective command of the armed forces on land, sea and air, according to Article 5 of the Charter for the Kingdom, - the supreme decision-making initiative that our institutions give to him and have always been, throughout the national history, the glorious heritage of our Augusta House of Savoy.

On July 26 Mussolini, after a meeting with the king, he was arrested and taken to a secret location

Vittorio Emanuele III entrusted the role of head of government to a military Pietro Badoglio.

Who was Pietro Badoglio? : Overcoming fascism was a reactionary keeping:

The news is spread and within hours the fascist regime discards: attacks on houses of the beam, the homes of hierarchy, some aggression. It seems that no one was in Fascist Italy.

For the Italian population is a valid equivalence:

= fascism war, then the end of fascism = end of war.

But is not that simple

Document: Declaration of Badoglio "The war goes on"

" Italians, by order of His Majesty the King and imperative to employ the military government of the country, with full powers. The war continues . Italy, hit hard in his province invaded, destroyed its cities, keeps his word, jealous guardian of its ancient traditions. Serrin the file is around His Majesty the King and Emperor, the living image of the country, an example to all. The delivery receipt is clear and precise: it will be strictly carried out, and anyone under the illusion of being able to disrupt the normal flow, or attempt to disrupt public order, will inevitably be affected. Viva Italy. Long live the King

Italian Marshal Pietro Badoglio.

Badoglio maintains control over the population

· Press censorship

· civil liberties

· Prevention and control of population movements (including demonstrations of joy), many dead

· are not immediately freed all anti-fascist political prisoners

· are maintained the racial laws

"The war continues," but starting with secret contacts with the Allies for a separate peace.

The Germans how they react?

• strong link between Mussolini and Hitler who scorns both the king and Badoglio and the rest of the Italian Government.
• contempt even to the fascists who have "betrayed" Mussolini
• do not trust the Italians, they suspect that there are negotiations

So

• strengthen their presence in Italy with the excuse to fight the Allies in southern Italy
• try to know where it is kept Mussolini

Meanwhile the war continues in Sicily

The Badoglio government: from 25 July to 8 September

Unable to prepare the release by the alliance and a separate peace with the Germans

the evening of 8 September he was given the ' announcement of the armistice. Then the state falls apart:

Document: Armistice signed by Italy and the Anglo American September 3, 1943

Military Armistice signed in Cassibile, Sicily, September 3, 1943

The following conditions Armistice are presented by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, General Commander of the Allied Armed Forces, authorized by the Governments of the United States and Great Britain and in the interest of the United Nations and accepted by Marshal Pietro Badoglio, Chief of the Italian Government:

1) Immediate cessation any act of hostility by the Italian Armed Forces.

2) Italy will make every effort to deny the Germans the use of resources and facilities that could be used against the United Nations.

3) All prisoners and internees of the United Nations will be immediately turned over to Allied Commander in Chief and no one must be evacuated to Germany.

4) Immediate transfer of the Italian fleet and air force in the place indicated by the Allied Commander in Chief of disarmament in a way that will be established by that commander.

5) The Allied Commander in Chief may requisition the Italian Merchant Marine and use it to the necessities imposed by his naval plans.

6) Immediate surrender of Corsica and the Allies throughout the Italian territory, including islands, so in those areas you can install the same operating bases or whatever Allies deem necessary.

7) Immediate guarantee of the free use of all Italian airports and ports regardless of the evacuation of German forces from the Italian territory.

8) Immediate withdrawal of all Italian armed forces of any participation in war in any area they are currently involved.

9) Guarantee by the Italian Government that, if necessary, will use all its available armed forces to insure prompt and strict compliance with all conditions contained in this Armistice Agreement.

10) The Commander in Chief of Allied Forces reserves the right to take any measures it considers it be necessary to protect the interests of those allied forces during the continuation of the war and the Italian Government undertakes to take the administrative measures or other that will be required by the same Commander in Chief. In particular, the Commander in Chief will establish an Allied Military Government in those areas of the Italian territory in which the interests of the Allied Nations military require it.

11) The Commander in Chief of the armed forces to have the right to impose measures for disarmament, demobilization and demilitarization.

12) Other conditions of political, economic and financial cooperation in which Italy will meet will be communicated later.

The terms of this Armistice Agreement shall not be made public without prior permission of the Allied Commander in Chief.

The official text of the Armistice is written in English.

January G. Castellano (on behalf of Marshal Badoglio P.) January
W. Bedell Smith (on behalf of Gen. DD Eisenhower)

September 8, 1943 an armistice with the Anglo-American was suddenly announced by a recorded radio message to Badoglio,

Document: Badoglio radioed the message of the evening of 8 September

"The Italian government recognized the impossibility of continuing the unequal struggle against the overwhelming power of the opposing goal of saving more and more serious disasters to the nation, called for a truce to General Eisenhower, commander in chief of the Anglo-American allied forces. The request was granted. Consequently, every act of hostility against the Anglo-American forces must cease by the Italian forces in every place. But they react to attacks of any origin. "

• Badoglio, the king and a few others fled from Rome to Pescara and then by ship to Brindisi
• The army is left without guidelines
• The complete disarray

Film All home

• Sporadic fighting against the Germans (in Rome, in Piombino, a few other places)
• emblematic case of Cephalonia in the Aegean

• About 800,000 Italian troops from allies to become prisoners (IMI)

• Mussolini was freed by the Germans and taken to Germany. At the end of month the form Italian Social Republic RSI (called Salo)

Consequences:

Italy is split in two

In the South: The Southern Kingdom, with no real power in the area controlled by Anglo-American

In the North: The Republic Social fascist, no real autonomy in the area under control German.

The Germans are formally allied, but in fact are now an occupying army

Italy has not happened since the Napoleonic battleground of foreign armies

-Nazi Germans against Anglo-Americans. And the Italians?

For Italians, there is a problem: From which side?

After 20 years of the regime now is the time of individual choices.

Some, a minority in the north because it adheres strongly to CSR:

• It rejects the "betrayal" of the King, Badoglio, who ousted the Fascist Mussolini
• concept of 'honor' of the word ally
• idea of \u200b\u200bstruggle against the 'invaders' Anglo-American, against the "barbarians" in the name of the Roman civilization (basic theme of fascism)
• Allow for 20 years of military education, fascist

Part, another minority, surprisingly recovers the ability to reject the new regime and begins to resist. The reasons:

• in fascism and Mussolini are recognized leaders in the current debacle
• Idea of \u200b\u200b'honor' of Italy to be redeemed after the war and the dictatorship of fascist aggression
• Fighting the new Fascism goes with the fight against the Germans that "occupy" Italy
• The fight, for some people - Democrats, Republicans - not only against the past regime, but also to build a more democratic state
• The fight, for some people - communists - is the first step toward the socialist state and the revolution

Who am I?

• Young military officers and soldiers, scattered and escaped from the Germans

• antifascist exiles returned Badoglio in Italy during the period

• Nuclei of militants hiding in the preparations for the fight against fascism PCI

born first groups of stragglers, if not already strong.

In the period of 600 days there were Italian Salò

in military units of CSR (black shirts, Volunteer Militia, the Italian SS, Republican Army)

In partisan against the Germans and Fascists

in prison camps in Germany as a former military and refuse to join the CSR

in labor camps in Germany where they are deported as slave labor almost

wards of the new army of the Kingdom of the South side of the Anglo-American

But there is a Party does not choose and simply wait. Concept of "gray area".

Recent controversies, GP Pansa, against the rhetoric of resistance (rather useless)

All this while the front moves as a seismic wave traveling from south to north Italy

July 10 landing Sicily

September 8 (in conjunction with the announcement of the) landing at Salerno and in Puglia

The ascent is blocked by the parties in the winter of Cassino on the Gustav line. From Cassino Adriatic

January 22, landing at Anzio, in Rome, to circumvent the Gustav. Blocked.

It takes until spring

June 4 liberation of Rome (June 6 invasion of Normandy)

(June 29 at Cecina)

August: Florence

Fall new block in the Apennines: Gothic Line.

Only in the spring of 1945 there will be the final breakthrough in the simultaneous action of partisans in the areas of northern Italy.

25 April: a symbolic date of Deliverance (Milan, Genoa, Turin, etc.) the

On 28 Mussolini was caught fleeing to Switzerland and shot by partisans

Last three issues.

How to organize the Resistance .

wider phenomenon as the months pass.

In early improvised and spontaneous nuclei is accompanied by a political organization to coordinate the action is aimed towards a goal

born Committees of National Liberation (CLN) in illegal political organizations are represented more anti-fascist political forces to guide and coordinate the fight. CLN local, provincial CLN, CLN CLN national to regional in the area liberated by the Anglo-American

And High CLN Italy in the north.

the stain formed partisan group called "Brigades".

Garibaldi Brigades - mostly made up of communists. Are prevalent

Matteotti Brigades - socialists

Brigades Justice and Freedom - liberals, Republicans, what was called the "Action Party"

Brigades-white Catholics Democrats

In the cities operate GAP (Patriotic Action Groups)

More war progresses, the choice becomes more easy and convenient. But there are hunger, cold, the fascists, the Germans ...

Effect of mass desertion in conjunction with the call to arms of the new republican army.

the fight against growing repression

departments are involved in the Fascist militia

German army units (in particular those with experience behind the war took place in areas of ' Eastern Europe!)

departments of the SS anti banned (!)

This is how the carnage from spring to winter "44 - '45. Example:

• Ardeatine Pits (Rome, March 1944)
• Sant'Anna di Stazzema (August 1944)
• Guardistallo (June 1944)
• Marzabotto (winter 44 - 45)

are dozens of massacres. Nowhere in Europe, outside in the summer, there have been so terrible cases of war against civilians. Why?

• We are facing a war "civil" the Italians of the two parties fighting against other Italians considered as "traitors"
• by the Germans, in addition to military necessity, there is a double against the Italian feeling: anger and contempt: the Italians, they are either traitors or servants. In any case unworthy of being treated like human beings
• German units used the war in Russia have learned the techniques of mass murder against civilians. Hours, apply in the West.
• In this phase of the war seems to be spreading along with the sense of inevitable defeat, the death wish: The Fade cupio

Last question: Who ends up in camps in Germany

At least four categories of Italian

• The so-called "political" are not the partisans (those are usually killed immediately): they are of suspects and relatives of young people resisting the inhabitants of neighborhoods generally anti-Fascist, workers went on strike or protest, and so suspicious. is an unknown number
• Workers "volunteers" actually race as the previous ones, but those with the aim of achieving the required slave labor to run the war production in Germany, as German men, excluding only the old and the children are sent to the front. Unknown number. The compensation continue to this day.
• The IMI: 800,000 officers and soldiers after September 8. Accepts only a small part, to return to Italy, to join the new army fascist Republican (and a few, after training, arrived in Italy, desert and join partisan bands). About 70,000 die from hunger, disease, toil in the fields. Not subject to the system of protection provided by the treaties on prisoners of war, the Italians are defined IMI, that Italians Get involved Internees.
• The Italians of Jewish religion. Identified and excluded from the Italian community from more than 1938, the Italians, the Jewish Holocaust begins after September 8 and the formation of CSR (document Verona). With the German control of the central north began in internment camps by the Italian CSR, conveying the scope of Fossoli, and starting in Germany in the extermination camps. The first train from Rome following the raid of October 16, 1943 (more than 1000 people, of which only a few units returning from the fields). Another field of collection and Trieste for the Italians Jews in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Adriatic. Eventually there will be about 20,000 Jews from Italy started to farm.

The Italians in the fields, past the past. The highest mortality rate among all national communities of inmates. Easy to see why.